This used to be the only bounty variant offered, until someone finally realized. 5 blinds or less. There’s a lot of useful information this tool gives poker players, so Flopzilla is sure to improve your game. 8202019 Poker Jennifears MTT Push%2FFold Charts 115 8202019 Poker Jennifears MTT Push%2FFold Charts 215 8202019 Poker Jennifears MTT Push%2FFold Charts 315 8202019 Poker… Log in Upload File. MTT Poker Basics: Learning Preflop Ranges. With an open-ended straight draw, for example, your chance of hitting a straight by the river is 45. . Claim your free MTT starter bundle now! 1. A commonly agreed-upon number of poker hands to open from the Lojack position (UTG in a 6max game) is around 15% of possible starting hands. e. On the right side - rewind situations. Our Random Number Generator, generates a random number every 30 seconds, so you can make the most Game Theory Optimal Poker. Hero is dealt in the HiJack. What’s important to note is that these modules are highly specific and address particular areas of the game in great detail. A micro stakes tourney will have a buy-in of less than $5. . Everyone is going to have holes and weaknesses in their game. 72s. 5% or BB Ante. Browse optimal preflop charts for Open, Call, 3-bet, 4bet+ MTT HOLD'EM OMAHA MonkerSolver (Hold'em) MonkerViewer (Hold'em) MonkerViewer (Omaha) MonkerGuy. Here's a chart showing the intersecting bubble factors for players on a hypothetical FT with stack sizes 10K 10K 20K 40K 50K 50K 60K 90K100K. The bigger a player’s leaks and flaws are, the more you. 3 Tips for Cash Game Big Blind Defense. This chart does NOT represent Upswing’s exact recommended polarized range(s). Each pack contains MonkerViewer charts and . 2. The later your position preflop, the wider your raising range, almost every poker player knows this! Push/fold charts lean heavily on this concept, with the added stipulation that you are either going all-in or folding. it’s free! 8 easy-to-read charts. The short answer is no. So I've decided to adopt a 3 bet or fold strategy vs an open in all positions except the BB. You should look to adjust this range based on the skill-level of the limpers, the. 5 blind raise with antes in the pot (and no callers), the. If you get these two ranges right, you will have a. Subscribe. If you have already signed up for a free product, this and all of the other free resources. Online Cash Ranges Live Cash Ranges MTT Ranges Advanced Solver Ranges Advanced Tourney Ranges Heads-Up Ranges Preflop Charts Guide. Easy way to improve your win-rate. This is a very costly mistake since the pot is, on average, largest on the river. With fewer cards in the deck, you’ll hit your outs more often too. ago. A-K-Q-J-T (all of the same suit) Straight Flush. A range is a combination of hands a player might have at a given time. This fact means that if everyone is playing perfectly, this is the chart to go by. 5% range). 06 up to 2. You make the most decisions preflop of any street. In the following chart, our value-3bets are represented in light red while our bluff-3bets are represented in dark red. Basically, these solvers produce 'unbeatable' ranges, for a range of tournament stack depths. The preflop charts cover Online Cash, Live, and MTT games with over 240 different preflop charts to help you make the correct preflop decisions and to dominate your poker games. The charts don't know or care about exploitative play and thats 75% of the game. When facing a pot sized opening raise of 3x the blinds from the SB, we in the BB will be risking 2 blinds to win 4 (our 1 blind already posted, and the 3 blinds the SB as put in the pot). Learn and apply your strategy. Their range will resemble something similar to this chart: Against this standard small blind opening range, we in the big bling get to play quite a few hands. 32% equity. In order to make things simple, I have given you an easy to read, yet comprehensive, range chart that covers virtually every pre-flop decision you could. Preflop Theory & Adaptations with Ranges ;. 2. Each pack contains MonkerViewer charts and . A precise and easy to use visual representation of GTO preflop ranges. I'm playing with a simple website idea to display GTO preflop ranges. Introducing an exciting new addition to our NL Holdem preflop range/chart packages: our innovative poker training software feature. Finding donk bets against tight ranges Cash 250 Facing turn overbets MTT 249 Double-paired rivers MTT 248 Facing cold-callers OOP. These are great complements to our subscriptions for learning GTO strategy offline or for running your own sims in PioSolver. Use the far left column to determine the situation. I wouldn't normally open with 9Ts and from UTG with a 20BB stack. I've chosen a smaller 3 bet size (3x the open size) so I can VPIP more and I'm not too worried about giving my. This chart is a GTO poker chart for hands to open-raise within a 6-max game. A 3-Bet is the act of reraising a pot preflop that has already been raised by another player. We start by estimating our opponent’s range to determine how likely they are to have a flush. 9 or more. How poker hand range charts work! Range Combos. 52%. How To Extract Max Value in Limit Hold’em. 2m flops solved, and over 100k solver hours producing high accuracy ranges using poker solvers. This size is best used when you want to bet a large part of your range. 26. Suppose you’re playing a $0. Get the Preflop Guide with 8 Easy-to-Read Charts. Log Out. There are 1,326 possible starting hand combinations in NLH, which might sound like a lot, until you read that PLO has a mind-boggling 270,725 starting hand combinations. A solver is a powerful piece of poker software that calculates ‘optimal’ strategies (called solutions) for user-inputted scenarios. Training. Suppose you 3-bet as the big blind versus a player who raised on the button. For example: $0. Add 10 µL/well of 5 mg/mL MTT solution to the plate and incubate for 4 hours. Another tip:. Learn More. When stacks are short, you should play more big cards and start to drop smaller ones from your range. This is a result of the MTT-specific factors listed above. These include the concentration of MTT reagent and the proportion that actually enters the cell, cellular metabolic activity (which is highly dependent on a multitude of variables including treatments to the cells, biological effect of culture media, cell density,. CunningStat. What you’ll learn. You should be using the exact same 3-Betting strategy that you would when playing with a 100bb stack. I think that the difference with MTT is not very big, because. It affects both your opponents range and yours. The positions around a table in an 8-player game, clockwise from the Dealer Button, are: Button/Dealer (BTN) Small. 2. Read plate at 570-650 nm. These are my ranges for a balanced open range. I've done this partly to avoid high rake and partly to make my ranges easier to balance post flop. A precise and easy to use visual representation of GTO preflop ranges for 4 and 5 card Pot Limit Omaha. AK has 30. Players normally fold or raise. You can deduce a 30% preflop open-raising range by removing a few hands from that 33% range. 1 - The Raise First In (RFI) Ranges show which hands to play in each position when all other players have folded. The advice here is a reflection of my own experience as a non-professional player learning the ropes in 2022, with all the tips. While the structure and current status of the tournament dictate what exactly a "medium" stack is at any given point, in many MTTs anything from 15-30 big blinds often will fall in that range. You would be 3-betting A2s–A5s as a bluff, and planning on folding to a 4-bet. RAISE: bet more than the player who raised. For example, if you play cash games with 100 bb stacks, you select a preflop range chart for that situation. But you also get cash game ranges as well as MTT ranges (yes, there is a big difference!). peter clarke sells very good ones imo. Usually, the jump would be from 200/400 to 300/600 if this level is missing. How to Use the 8 max MTT Preflop Range Charts Step 1: Estimate the amount of flushes in your opponent’s range. ago. Tip #1: You don’t need to continue with every piece. "starting hands chart mtt" or "starting hands chart turbo mtt" If you write in your keywords in. So for example if you normally 3-Bet with all big pairs along with AK and AQ, then you should do the exact same thing when playing with. Put simply, ICM is a concept used in tournaments to determine the value of each chip in relation to the tournament prize pool. 5 blinds or less. On the left are the ranges for a non-raked game (players pay timed. Poker Winning Hands Chart: Hand Rankings. Let’s dive in! But realistically, 10% total range is not alot. You can check it out here: I'm not trying to build a product just trying to improve my live poker game and thought it'd be nice to have a little chart to double check. If SB has a mixed strategy (including both limping and raising), he can play wider hand range. Your shove/fold ranges may. Time Collection. For today’s article, I selected three hands from David’s 50NL videos to give you insight into how a very good player. Developing a 3-bet range when short is very similar to developing a raise/fold range. Here is an 82. bb folds. Or is paying for an app the only option to acquire these information? i know every coaching site gives you a chart or two for free, but im looking…Poker Tournament Tip 1: Steal a Lot, But Don’t Go Overboard. Win More Money. You have the options of a credit/debit card or PayPal. Therefore, for games with more than 2 players, the shove tables below are applicable for SB open-shoving ranges, and the call chart below are relevant only for BB situations vs a SB shove. – New “All info” strategy view in the Solution browser. 6,7,35 The viable cells. This hand begins with the hijack raising to 2. 0 to 2. These 8 max 10bb MTT poker charts provide an in-depth guide to keep you on track when very short stacked. The MTT assay is used to measure cellular metabolic activity as an indicator of cell viability, proliferation and cytotoxicity. Execute the action with the range and sizing (if applicable) found in the appropriate box. Keep in mind these charts assume your opponent min-raised preflop, so if you’re facing a larger size, you’ll want to play tighter. Value 3bet range – 4. 6%. HAND NAME. If you don't have access to rake free ranges, you might take a look at some 100bb MTT ranges as although these have antes, they are similar the ranges when there is no pot based rake. Your shove/fold ranges may. Anywhere from 5BB to 10BB. Con #1) Regs, so many regs. Tip #3: Slow-play some strong hands to protect your calling ranges. Flopzilla is an interactive range analysis tool you can use to show how different ranges connect with community cards. But the best 6-max poker strategy is still always dependent on. 50/$1. Poker strategy changes a lot over time. In reality, K9s is within the top 12ish% of hands. Tip 7: Open – raise less hands against strong opponents. This depends a lot on your personality and how you approach poker, generally speaking, but some players don't like that the single-table sit & go. Cutting Edge. The deviation of the calculated values to exact Malmuth-Harville ICM is orders of magnitude smaller than in the previous HRC MTT. If your opponent will usually foldThe complete preflop charts & trainer package is the cheapest way to immediately improve your poker game. Time pot: A set amount is collected from the first pot over a certain amount. 3%, and industry standard is closer to 0. Training. You can import your own custom SPF solution files and, if you own SPF, use the SPF engine for real time turn and river solving to enhance your training. DEFINITION / EXAMPLE. Use this PLO starting hand chart plus basic strategy tips to win in PLO. Preflop: Here, you’ll have access to Nick’s mastersheet on how to approach preflop play. By memorizing these ranges, you can quickly deduce a 17% preflop calling range (likely a 20% range minus the QQ+/AK 2. 26. Add 50 µL of serum-free media and 50 µL of MTT solution into each well. Simple GTO Trainer is built on the cutting edge SimplePostflop engine which is the fastest and most powerful GTO Solver in the world. 8. If your opponents play too tightly or too loosely, you should make significant adjustments to take advantage of their mistakes. Yeah, that's part of ranging an opponent. Similar to SB stealing, we are looking for the following two targets. The preflop charts are an excellent starting place for new poker players to figure out what hands they should and should be playing while the 20 rules for crushing 3bet pots include some great tips and generalized guidelines for playing in this type. ) In a multi-way pot with four players, AK. Now, with any chart purchase, you can take your poker skills to the next level by testing your game and studying GTO in an efficient and enjoyable manner. There’s 10,000 in the pot, and both you and your opponent have 10,000 chips behind. AJo KJo QJo JTs J8s J7s J6s J5s Us J3s JPs A90 K90 Alo K70 A60 K60 A50 • K50 A40 K40 A30 K30 A20 K20 Action Call Fold Q90 Q70 Q60 Q50 Q40 Q30The concept of a tight-aggressive poker strategy is simple: play very few hands, but play them aggressively. So, you need to think well beyond the 1. Touch_Of_Red • 5 yr. Hands like 54s, 65s and 76s have solid equity against tight ranges. Preflop ranges can be downloaded for Cash, MTT and Spin & Go sims for offline use in your favourite poker solver, starting from only $99. They allow players to set up a hand scenario and find the optimal solution to that situation. High Stakes MTT Professional. 99. If I was Doug Polk, I’d probably open 100% of my buttons and defend 95% of my big blinds against any random MTT idiot player. You can use the pre-loaded range charts and customize them easily for different opponents. 5% opening range: If you are opening to a larger size (3x) versus a loose opponent, it is usually best to open somewhere between 70% and 80% of hands. In cash games, open-raises of around 3x are common because of the deeper stack-to-pot ratio. This free Preflop Guide includes 8 easy-to-read charts and crucial tips that will help you play like a pro before the flop. But even at your local casino, if you can range players and read boards, you can mix it up with a wider range of hands in LP and BVB scenarios…. In a simple maths calculator, a question might be what is '4 + 4'. This chart is a GTO poker chart for hands to open-raise within a 6-max game. 6-Max / Short-handed: Starting Hand ChartCall Shove Chart. 5% in full-deck hold’em). you’re basically playing a $50 buy-in MTT where you also get $50 for each knockout. This change alone spices up the game, creating a more dynamic and fast-paced environment. As you get closer to 20BB, you definitely only want to open hands that you want to get action from. With the above set up, a pot raise is 3 x 2. To start off, I’ll focus on a relatively obvious live poker tip that might as well be the “Golden Rule” to beating $1/$3 and $2/$5. In MTTs, you cannot play like a nit. Training. Here are the guidelines: For open raising, if you see 3x that means 3 times the big blind. There are two modes for efficient learning: Classic: make decisions at the table like in a real poker game; Range-drawing: try to reproduce your ranges and check the accuracy of your answers. Preflop is the foundation of your poker game and its the easiest part of your game to fix. Sizings & Ranges - $1k Omaholic High Roller Review Part 1. As you become more comfortable with your postflop game, you can begin opening up your range slightly in each position. Micro stakes MTTs are characterized by two things: small buy-ins and very large fields. 36BB profit by shoving. The MTT substrate is prepared in a physiologically. 8. Tactical Adjustment #7: The number of uncapped ranges a player bets into should impact your defending range. Royal Flush. Even the loosest preflop players (if they’re winning players) fold before the flop around 70 percent of the time. The increasing blinds of tournaments produce a decrease in the average stack, as expressed as a multiple of the big blind. Training. 1. Solvers have changed the game since they became commercially available in 2015, raising the standard of play significantly. 2013-02-03 03:18:16. By Chris Wehner & Dylan Weisman $999 $749 Save $249. Opening ranges, facing a raise, and facing a 3bet for every position. 50/$1. often enough. 20,000 chip effective stacks. Notice how there is a gap between the bluff 3 bets and value 3 bets. Study (and exploit) your opponents tendencies. 00 on PokerStars, $100 Effective Stacks. The guy is the ultimate MTT crusher. Training. I have always had my own set of ranges I try to stay loyal too, but I recently downloaded the raise your edge pre flop charts and noticed two things. The first and most obvious thing to note is that the range is much tighter overall, just 11. Training. Our GTO Poker Charts will help you balance your range by manipulating the frequency with which different hands occur in the range. Time collection (also “timed rake” or “table charge”) is a set fee collected (typically) every half-hour during the game. In practice, six max cash games play. 5%. 005% accuracy in 4bet pots, and 0. The thing is, though, in poker, no one is going to play correctly. If you're at a table with mostly passive players who won't 3B you aggressively, you can open much wider than GTO and still be profitable. These are all the possible hands you could be dealt in No-Limit Holdem. The above hand ranges are loosely based on Harrington on Hold’em Vol 1 for a 10-handed full-ring table. Charts are some. 6,7,35 The viable cells. In my opinion, a tournament can still have a decent structure without this level. com. 60-Minute Master: MTT Part 3, Starting Hands (Early Position to Late Position) Starting hands are one of the easiest and fundamental concepts to learn in. MTT Tournament Strategy. Training. I have some sessions with a UK pro every now and then and he gave me some range charts to study for open raising, but I feel out of my comfort zone using them. 50, Cutoff 3-bets to $8, btn & blinds fold. Additionally you will learn which characteristics and tendencies of the standard opponent the creation of these ranges is based on. The most common mistake made by tournament players is buying into tournaments outside of their bankroll. LearnWPT. Use nodelocking functionality to find leaks in your opponent strategy and perfectly adjust to it. & Chris Wehner Heads-Up Course by Doug Polk Mixed Games Course by Jake Abdalla Short Deck Course by Kane Kalas. If the limper seems like an unaware player — and most limpers are — you should look to size your bets based on the strength of your hand. PioSOLVER 2 GTO Trainer is a tool that allows you to practice your poker skill preparing you for real play. Then of course runitonce ranges are a lot of 2. This chart details the Hole Cards that we believe you should open with in an 8-max No-Limit Hold ‘Em tournament without antes – such as Match Poker Online’s™ Battle Royale tournament. 3 Tips for Cash Game Big Blind Defense. Awards. Sng quest to be the best: revamped hu push/fold nash equilibriumA2s t9s beat would nash 888poker Nash push fold charts for tournament strategyNash shove chart. MTT Poker Basics: Learning Preflop Ranges. Constructing proper 3-Betting ranges is especially crucial in heads up games given the positional disadvantage of the 3-Bettor. 6-MAX NLHE RANGE CHARTS RESOURCE PACK. 045% accuracy in single-raised pots. “Open small and often. 3-BET/FOLD TO SHOVE – Hands that are just barely not strong enough to shove or 3-bet/call, especially hands with good blockers. The Raise First In (RFI) charts show which hands to play when everyone folds to you. Online Cash Ranges Live Cash Ranges MTT Ranges Advanced Solver Ranges Advanced Tourney Ranges Heads-Up Ranges Preflop Charts Guide. If you're at a table with mostly passive players who won't 3B you aggressively, you can open much wider than GTO and still be profitable. The thing is, though, in poker, no one is going to play correctly. For Pluribus, I tried taking hands that were opened at near 100% frequency from each position. I have done an immense amount of work with BBZ 1on1 and can easily say he has been the most influential person in. You should have a clear gasp of 100bb ranges (which are very similar to cash ranges) and 20bb ranges. Keep in mind this is a paid service with a free trial option. Players in the looser positions, like the Button and Big Blind, will have a greater number of flushes in their range because their pre-flop calling ranges contain many suited hands. The first work in my latest series is The Poker Math & Preflop Workbook. In MTTs, however, there are situations that warrant open-folding 6-6, and others that warrant open-raising 7-2o. We will need to add some hands to our range that play well in-position in a multiway 3-bet pot, which is more likely to happen when we squeeze smaller. MTT Poker Basics & Rules. This means that in a 6-max game you should be playing a lot more speculative hands like suited connectors and suited aces as well. The developer provided this. EARLY STAGES. Here are 10 essential poker charts to help your preflop poker game. SnapShove is essentially an interactive push/fold chart; it uses Nash equilibriums to instantly tell you whether you should shove, reshove, call, or fold in any. Here you’ll find the range of top-ranking poker hands from the very best, a Royal Flush, to the very worst, High Card. It is assessed. Play tighter when you’re short stacked and near a bubble. Welcome to MTT Poker Basics! This is the first in a new series of articles designed to help recreational tournament poker players build their hobby into a profitable endeavor. Opening Ranges – Know what hands you’ll open in various positions (cash and MTT/SNG) as well as at different levels of the MTT/SNG (Early Stages, Mid-Stages, Late Stages). Log Out. Given these three charts below, I am trying to. Push fold charts define the push fold strategy to the slightest detail. Each pack contains MonkerViewer charts and . Also, the BB’s calling range is likely to be inelastic in this spot. Hero looks at 6♣4♣ and raises to. 6-max is a format where you have a maximum of six players at the table instead of 9 players allowed in the more traditional full-ring poker games. All tournaments are, on the surface, the same beast. The correct 6-max poker strategy is to play looser than you would in a full ring game (open 20% of hands) and make more bluffs and wider call downs. Any feed back on which hands you would add or drop from the ranges, please share your opinion. Cut Off. Tournaments are quite different. BTN Stealing. Community of like-minded MTT players; 10-day refund period, no questions asked. TAG poker worked like magic 10 years ago, when fishy players with loose pre-flop tendencies were a dime a dozen. So take into consideration what the rake assumption is in the preflop charts. Training. Anywhere, I can find these charts or do most. If you play those games, this series is a must-read for you. Note: If you want to win at poker, you need a solid preflop strategy. Using NLH Theory to Study a PLO Stack-Off Situation 11 mins. 6 average on the FT and note that the actual bubble factors players face can range from 1. Log Out. Graph standard curve and analyze data. The BB’s estimated range has just 11. Mar 8, 2019. It is important to stay aware of how deep your stack and your opponents’ stacks are so that you can adjust your strategy accordingly. 8% opening range (this is VERY tight, only 22+, Ax+, K9s+, Kto+, Q9s+, Qto+, J9s+, Jto, T9s) Anything with a plus sign before the number is a profitable 3-bet shove. Think of the three possible outcomes when we 3-bet: UTG folds and we win the $9 pot ; UTG calls and we have position against a seemingly weak range Download the free PDF and start building your winning preflop strategy with optimal tournament poker ranges. This fact means that if everyone is playing perfectly, this is the chart to go by. When facing a 3 blind raise (with no callers), the player in the small blind needs ~36% equity to profitably call. Poker charts for different disciplines, starting hands lists, preflop charts for MTT and cash games. Jonathan Little's site has good opening charts for free, and are specifically 6-max 100BB. 100BB Exploitative Preflop Charts Use these exploitative charts for small stakes tournament and cash games at a 9-handed table 100bbs deep. Log Out. – GTO Wizard now speaks Polish and Hungarian. Big cards are king. 3. 2. There’s a lot of useful information this tool gives poker players, so Flopzilla is sure to improve your game. Open. 6. Let’s set the stage: Brad slow-plays the flop with the nuts, raises the turn, and is now facing a brutal all-in check-raise after the board pairs on the river. Any recs on features etc?In this lesson, you will find the pre-flop ranges for playing from UTG in a No-Limit 6-max game. List of the poker preflop calling ranges based on your position, the style of your opponents, and the key strategies when calling preflop. The results were then correlated to give you the easily accessible preflop charts for all positions. Learn how to play fundamentally sound poker preflop by signing up to get my preflop charts. Hero open-raises to 2. 1 from the Road to Success MTT Course. The. The ranges cover all positions and HU confrontations at the table. So far, the only useful information I found is this, and I'm not sure it totally applies to 6-Max SnGs. Start crushing. Equip yourself with these 30bb MTT GTO preflop charts and build a solid understanding of optimal preflop ranges as you get shorter stacked. The charts assume 100 big blind effective stacks with an ante in play. Advanced Courses The End Boss System by Doug Polk & Fabian Adler Smash Live Cash by Nick Petranglo Elite Cash Game Exploits by Uri Peleg Winning Poker Tournaments by Nick Petranglo Advanced Cash Game Strategy by Alex 'Kanu7' Millar Advanced PLO Mastery by Dylan Weisman & Chris Wehner Heads-Up Course by Doug Polk Mixed Games Course by Jake Abdalla Short Deck Course by Kane Kalas High Stakes MTT. First hand of a tournament with 15,000 chip starting stacks. The freedom and lower variance cash games offer attract smart people willing to put in a lot of work to achieve their ideal lifestyle. The range charts from The Upswing Lab indicate that we can either 3-bet or call with A♠Q♠ against a UTG open in 6-max. 8 max 50bbOnline Cash Ranges Live Cash Ranges MTT Ranges Advanced Solver Ranges Advanced Tourney Ranges Heads-Up Ranges Preflop Charts Guide. You should have a clear gasp of 100bb ranges (which are very similar to cash ranges) and 20bb ranges. Browse optimal preflop charts for Open, Call, 3-bet, 4bet+. Bonus #2: Darren's Exploitative Ranges (50 charts) that will help you adjust your preflop strategy in various. If allowed by your poker site/room, we recommend keeping the preflop raise charts up while you play (until you memorize them). 00, market cap of $ 0. Player vs player analysis for combos, EV, EQ, made hands and draws. 62s. (Regular) Knockouts are the same as above,. Doug “WCGrider” Polk and Ryan Fee have been featured on PokerStars. If you are in an MTT and stack depths are 20 bb, you select a chart for that situation. High Stakes Bounty and Ante Tournaments – Early Stages (Part 3) 49 mins. 2 times the big blind. To use a chart, begin with finding a chart that is suited for the situation you are in. Poker Charts (picture above), for instance, is a online service that allows players to manage their bankroll and analyze results through their website. The World Series of Poker Main Event is perhaps the most famous multi-table tournament in the world. Short stack poker cash game guidelines. They allow players to set up a hand scenario and find the optimal solution to that situation. If allowed by your poker site/room, we recommend keeping the preflop raise charts up while you play (until you memorize them). Stronger players tend to play more cash because it requires a deeper understanding of the game. 917. This is known by some as a “range c-bet” (shorthand. Data safety. Keep in mind these charts assume your opponent min-raised preflop, so if you’re facing a larger size, you’ll want to play tighter. Training. I have subscribed to preflopguru and gtowizard and their solutions appear to be very different. 71% of hands compared to 15.